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Degenerative Disc Disease
Age-related changes in spinal discs that can cause pain and reduced flexibility
Overview
Degenerative disc disease is not actually a disease but a term used to describe the normal changes in your spinal discs as you age. Spinal discs are soft, compressible discs that separate the interlocking bones (vertebrae) that make up the spine. The discs act as shock absorbers, allowing the spine to flex, bend, and twist. As we age, these discs can break down and cause pain.
Symptoms
- Pain that is worse when sitting
- Pain that gets worse when bending, lifting, or twisting
- Pain that is relieved by walking or moving around
- Numbness and tingling in extremities
- Weakness in leg muscles or foot drop
Causes
- Natural aging process
- Loss of fluid in discs (drying out)
- Tiny tears or cracks in the outer layer
- Previous injury to the spine
- Obesity
Diagnosis
- Medical history and physical exam
- X-rays
- MRI scan
- CT scan
- Discography
Treatment
- Physical therapy and exercise
- Heat/cold therapy
- Pain medications (NSAIDs)
- Steroid injections
- Artificial disc replacement
- Spinal fusion surgery
Recovery & Prognosis
Most patients manage degenerative disc disease effectively with conservative treatment. Surgery has a success rate of 70-90%, with recovery taking 3-6 months.